The broad history of continuity of operations (COOP) and continuity of government (COG) planning stems from many plans over the decades that can be traced back to various historical events and policy changes. Here's a brief history:
The National Security Decision Directive 188 (NSDD 188): The origins of modern COOP and COG planning can be traced to the Cold War era. During this period, the U.S. government recognized the need to ensure that the continuity of government functions in the event of a nuclear attack or other catastrophic events. Various continuity plans and facilities, such as the Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center, were established during this time.
Executive Order 12656 (1988): President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12656, which established the National Security Council as the principal body responsible for overseeing COOP and COG planning. This order laid the groundwork for modern continuity planning efforts and emphasized the importance of maintaining essential government functions during emergencies.
Presidential Policy Directive 40 (2016): In 2016, President Barack Obama issued Presidential Policy Directive 40 (PPD-40), which significantly modernized and streamlined continuity planning. PPD-40 authorized FEMA to take the lead in training, exercising, and implementing continuity planning across the federal government, with a particular focus on the executive branch.
FEMA's Role (1990s - 2000s): The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) took on a central role in coordinating and supporting COOP and COG planning efforts. FEMA worked closely with various federal agencies to develop continuity plans and exercises.
Under the authority of PPD-40, the Federal Continuity Directive (FCD) series was developed by DHS and FEMA. Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD-1) serves as a foundational document establishing the core framework requirements for continuity planning within the federal government, with a specific focus on the executive branch. PPD-40 authorizes FEMA to train, exercise, and implement continuity planning across the entire federal government spanning every department and field office throughout the nation.
FCD-1 establishes the principles, guidelines, and standards that federal agencies must adhere to when developing their continuity of operations (COOP) and continuity of government (COG) plans. FCD-1 provides the essential groundwork for continuity planning efforts, ensuring that agencies have a solid foundation to build their preparedness strategies.
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In conjunction with FCD-1, there is Federal Continuity Directive 2 (FCD-2). While FCD-1 establishes the framework requirements, FCD-2 serves as the practical implementation document, offering agencies specific guidance on how to put those requirements into action. FCD-2 provides the actionable steps and procedures necessary for federal agencies to effectively maintain their essential functions in the face of challenges.
Together with FCD1 and the collaborative efforts of DHS and FEMA, they are instrumental in safeguarding the continuity of government operations. They ensure the resilience of the executive branch and, by extension, the entire federal government, enabling it to continue functioning efficiently even in times of adversity.
There are two prevailing theories on the internet about the FCD series, namely Devolution and Law of War. The first is from a person name Jon Herold aka Patel Patriot, the Second comes from Derek Johnson
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To find out about Derek's theory click here
To access our counter argument on Jon's Law of War theory, click here